Table of Contents

Know Stroke

What is a stroke?

A stroke, sometimes called a "brain attack," occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. When a stroke occurs, brain cells in the immediate area begin to die because they stop getting the oxygen and nutrients they need to function.

What causes a stroke?

There are two major kinds of stroke.

The first, called an ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel or artery in the brain. About 80 percent of all strokes are ischemic. The second, known as a hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel in the brain that breaks and bleeds into the brain. About 20 percent of strokes are hemorrhagic.

What disabilities can result from a stroke?

Although stroke is a disease of the brain, it can affect the entire body. The effects of a stroke range from mild to severe and can include paralysis, problems with thinking, problems with speaking, and emotional problems. Patients may also experience pain or numbness after a stroke.

Know the Signs

Because stroke injures the brain, you may not realize that you are having a stroke. To a bystander, someone having a stroke may just look unaware or confused. Stroke victims have the best chance if someone around them recognizes the symptoms and acts quickly.

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

The symptoms of stroke are distinct because they happen quickly:

• Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body)
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause

What should a bystander do?

If you believe someone is having a stroke – if he or she suddenly loses the ability to speak, or move an arm or leg on one side, or experiences facial paralysis on one side – call 911 immediately.

Act in Time

Stroke is a medical emergency. Every minute counts when someone is having a stroke. The longer blood flow is cut off to the brain, the greater the damage. Immediate treatment can save people's lives and enhance their chances for successful recovery.

Why is there a need to act fast?

Ischemic strokes, the most common type of strokes, can be treated with a drug called t-PA, that dissolves blood clots obstructing blood flow to the brain. The window of opportunity to start treating stroke patients is three hours, but to be evaluated and receive treatment, patients need to get to the hospital within 60 minutes.

What is the benefit of treatment?

A five-year study by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) found that some stroke patients who received t-PA within three hours of the start of stroke symptoms were at least 30 percent more likely to recover with little or no disability after three months.

What can I do to prevent a stroke?

• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol

If you smoke – quit. If you have high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, or high cholesterol, getting them under control – and keeping them under control – will greatly reduce your chances of having a stroke.

More information about stroke

A one page document on how to recognize a stroke and what to do.

Facilitator Brochure (pdf file 157 kb)

A facilitator's guide for the Know Stroke community education kit and video.

Know Stroke Poster

A poster for the "Know Stroke" campaign.

Video Event Announcement Poster

A poster for facilitators to use to announce a video event

The Brain Attack Coalition

The Brain Attack Coalition "Acute Stroke Toolbox" site, which contains the NIH Stroke Scale, stroke admission orders, and other items for clinicians treating acute stroke.

Proceedings of a National Symposium on Rapid Identification and Treatment of Acute Stroke

Proceedings of a National Symposium on Rapid Identification and Treatment of Acute Stroke held December 12-13, 1996, to coordinate nationwide efforts aimed at implementing acute stroke therapy for all types of stroke.

NINDS Stroke Information Page

An information page about stroke.

Stroke: Hope Through Research

An informational booklet about stroke compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

Stroke Risk Factors and Symptoms

A short document describing stroke risk factors and symptoms.

Brain Basics: Preventing Stroke

Information on preventing stroke, including stroke risk factors and warning signs, compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

Questions and Answers About Stroke

A backgrounder with questions and answers about stroke.

Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Fact Sheet

Post-stroke rehabilitation fact sheet from NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Stroke Rehabilitation Information Page

A fact sheet on stroke rehabilitation.

Transient Ischemic Attack

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) information sheet compiled by NINDS.

Multi-Infarct Dementia

Multi-infarct dementia information sheet compiled by NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Previniendo la Apoplejía (Preventing Stroke)

Spanish-language version of "Preventing Stroke".

Accidente Cerebrovascular: Esperanza en la Investigación

Spanish-language booklet on stroke prepared by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

Apoplejía : Factores de Riesgo y Síntomas
Information in Spanish about stroke risk factors and symptoms.